SAMPLE OF A PERIOD THESAURUS

By:
Dr. Martin Doerr
   Principle Researcher Center for Cultural Informatics
   Information Systems Laboratory
   Institute of Computer Science,
Athina Kritsotaki
   Archaeologist,
Dr. Steven Stead
  Director Paveprime Ltd.

Note: The following is a draft illustrating a method of constructing thesauri of cultural periods from information found in literature, rather than outcome of direct research about periods. The method has been presented at CAA 2004 in Prato (avalaible ppt file). A respective paper will appear in the conference proceedings.All comments are welcome to athinak@ics.forth.gr

INDEX OF PERIODS

P1 Early Minoan

P2 Early Minoan II

P3 Late Minoan Ia

P4 Late Cycladic I

P5 Early Cycladic II

P6 Early Bronze Age (in Greece)

P7 Middle Minoan IB

P8 Παλαιοανακτορική

Early Minoan

Author:

Title of first publication:

Date of first publication:

Note:

Period id:

Terminology in : Greek

Preferred name:
    Πρωτομινωική
Short name:
    ΠΜ
Alternatives:
     Πρωτομινωική περίοδος

Terminology in : English

Preferred name:
    Early Minoan
Short name:
    EΜ
Alternatives:
     Early Minoan period
     Early Minoan age

Terminology in : Italian

Preferred name:
    Protominoico
Used for:
    Antico Minoico
Alternatives:
     Periodo Protominoico

Defining attributes:

Definition based on:
Technology use
Keywords:
Ceramic development and technology
Description:

Sequence and development of ceramic Wares. Art of pottery is specialized. The artificial painted decoration is spread (fabric of Painted pottery). The primitive culture of Crete now assumes its distinctive features.

Is part of: Minoan

Has part: Early Minoan I
                Early Minoan II
                Early Minoan III

Is interpretation of:   Evans_1921

Space time approximation:

Maximal extent:
    Place:
         Names:
             Kriti
        Identifier: 7012056 [TGN]
    Coordinate box:
        West Bounding: 23 31 00 E degrees
         East Bounding: 26 20 00 E degrees
         South Bounding: 34 48 00 N degrees
        North Bounding: 35 41 00 N degrees
        Spatial referencing system: QTM

    Time span:
        Earliest beginning: 3650 B.C
        Latest beginning: 3200 B.C
         Earliest end: 2160 B.C
         Latest end: 1950 B.C

Spatiotemporal relationships:

    Temporal:
         starts:
           Minoan

        ends at the beginning of:
           Middle Minoan
Space time comment:

At the major palace sites of Knossos and Phaistos, the EM levels were largely terraced away when the first palaces were built in Middle Minoan. There is every indication that these sites were important already in the EM period, but the architecture of this period, as well as stratified deposits, have been lost.

Characteristics attributes:

Technology

Progress is observed in metalwork-copper foundry (art of jewellery, seals, onrnamentation and stone vessels). Decoration is varied in pottery. New and more complicated shapes. Characteristics elements of Minoan civilization are now created: bronze daggers, tools, stone vessels, etc.- a cultural development. Built graves ( burial architecture is developed too).

Social political structure

Social ranking. Increasing population.

Settlements

Progress: big settlements - there is an increase in the number of sites and growth of settlements (more organized and densely populated)

Economy and trading

Better quality of life (better economy). New trading contacts (development of marinetime activity and more contacts with Egypt and Cyclades.)

Influences

Style of Potery : Pottery similar to Early Helladic and Early Cycladic was found in Crete. Early Minoan pottery is also exported in Aegeum during this period.

Administration:

Editor: Athina Kritsotaki
Date of compilation: 2004-12-15
Authority of administration:
Authority name: Helladic Period System
Contact point: email:athinak@ics.forth.gr

Place names:

Kriti [TGN, Greek ]
Crete [TGN, English ]
Kreta [TGN, German ]
Creta [TGN, Italian ]

Early Minoan II

Author:

Title of first publication:

Date of first publication:

Note:

Period id:

Terminology in : Greek

Preferred name:
    Πρωτομινωική ΙΙ
Short name:
    ΠΜΙΙ
Alternatives:
     Πρωτομινωική ΙΙ περίοδος
     Πρωτομινωική περίοδος ΙΙ

Terminology in : English

Preferred name:
    Early Minoan ΙΙ
Short name:
    EΜΙΙ
Alternatives:
     Early Minoan ΙΙ period
     Early Minoan period ΙΙ
     Second Early Minoan period

Terminology in : Italian

Preferred name:
Protominoico II
Alternatives:
Periodo protominoico

Defining attributes:

Definition based on:
Pottery Style
Keywords:
Koumasa Ware Vasilike Ware
Description:

Koumasa Ware was found mostly in graves in Messara. It is described as Red, or Brown-red or Black linear decoration on pale surface. Vasilike ware was found mostly in east Crete - it is described as a black, red or brown mottled pottery. Acme of Early Minoan Culture.

Is part of: Early Minoan

Has part: Early Minoan IIA
                Early Minoan IIB

Is interpretation of:   Evans_1921

Space time approximation:

Maximal extent:
    Place:
         Names:
             Kriti
        Identifier: 7012056 [TGN]
    Coordinate box:
        West Bounding: 23 31 00 E degrees
         East Bounding: 26 20 00 E degrees
         South Bounding: 34 48 00 N degrees
        North Bounding: 35 41 00 N degrees
        Spatial referencing system: QTM

    Time span:
        Earliest beginning: 2900 B.C
        Latest beginning: 2700 B.C
         Earliest end: 2300 B.C
         Latest end: 2150 B.C

Spatiotemporal relationships:

    Temporal:

         occurs during:
           Early Bronze Age

        ends at the beginning of:
           Early Minoan III
Space time comment:

Important EMII sites: N.Central Crete (Archanes, Knossos), S.Crete (Koumasa, Lebena, Faistos), E.Crete (Gournia, Mochlos, Mallia, Pyrgos, Myrtos, Palaikastro, Pseira, Vasilike), W.Crete (Dempla, cave of Lera and Platyvola).

Characteristics attributes:

Technology

The majority of pottery style is the Painted Ware. New shapes appear such as proxoi and teacups with long spouts.There is a great ceramic production now(workshops in Myrtos). For the first time real(main) presence of metalwork. Art of seals. Use of burial buildings (chamber tombs) and spreading of tholos tombs.

Settlements

Architectural developments: foundation of big "cities" and large complex buildings (such as in Myrtos and Vasilike) - precursors of palaces are contructed during this period..

Influences

Style of Potery : Pottery similar to Early Helladic II and Early Cycladic II was found in Crete. Vasilike Ware was found in Kastri of Kithira.

Place names:

Kriti [TGN, Greek ]
Crete [TGN, English ]
Kreta [TGN, German ]
Creta [TGN, Italian ]

Late Minoan Ia

Author:

Title of first publication:

Date of first publication:

Note:

Period id:

Terminology in : Greek

Preferred name:
    Υστερομινωική Ια
Used for:
    ΜΜΙΙΙβ-ΥΜΙα μεταβατική φάση
Short name:
    ΥΜΙα
Alternatives:
     YMIα περίοδος
     Ύστερη Μινωική Ια περίοδος
     Ύστερη Μινωική περίοδος Ια

Terminology in : English

Preferred name:
    Late Minoan Ιa
Short name:
    LΜΙa
Alternatives:
     Late Minoan Ιa period
     Late Minoan period Ιa

Terminology in : Italian

Preferred name:
    Tardo Minoico IA
Short name:
    TΜΙA
Alternatives:
     Periodo Tardo Minoico IA

Defining attributes:

Definition based on:
Pottery Style
Keywords:
Floral Style
Description:

Spiral (a popular pattern) is developed in many forms.

Is part of: Late Minoan I


Is interpretation of:   Evans_1921

Space time approximation:

Maximal extent:
    Place:
         Names:
             Kriti
        Identifier: 7012056 [TGN]
    Coordinate box:
        West Bounding: 23 31 00 E degrees
         East Bounding: 26 20 00 E degrees
         South Bounding: 34 48 00 N degrees
        North Bounding: 35 41 00 N decimal
        Spatial referencing system: QTM

    Time span:
        Earliest beginning: 1600 B.C
        Latest beginning: 1550 B.C
         Earliest end: 1515 B.C
         Latest end: 1480 B.C

Spatiotemporal relationships:

    Spatiotemporal:
         separated from:
           Early Cycladic
    Temporal:
         starts:
           Late Minoan I

Space time comment:

LMIa deposits were found in Knossos, Poros, Mallia, Gournia, Thera, Kithira.

Characteristics attributes:

Technology

Development of Dark on Light ware and of Floral Style. Motifs of decoration such as spiral, rose, ripple and leaf- pattern in zones frourish. Excellent work in making stone vases

Social political structure

Palatial society. Demographic increase.

Settlements

Rearrangement in Knossos palace continues and the final architectural form of palaces of Zakros, Mallia and Faistos is established. Mansions are built. Palatial architecture flourishes.

Influences

Technology : Minoan influence on the development of Cyprian script. Minoan influence on architecture
Art : Minoan influence on the art of frescoes.
Style of Potery : LM Ia pottery is exported or copied.
Economy and Nutrition : The knowledge of Minoan metrology system spreads.

Administration:

Editor: Athina Kritsotaki
Date of compilation: 2004-03-15
Authority of administration:
Authority name: Helladic Period System
Contact point: email:athinak@ics.forth.gr

Place names:

Kriti [TGN, Greek ]
Crete [TGN, English ]
Kreta [TGN, German ]
Creta [TGN, Italian ]

Late Cycladic I

Author:

Title of first publication:

Date of first publication:

Note:

Period id:

Terminology in : Greek

Preferred name:
    Υστεροκυκλαδική Ι
Used for:
    τέλη Μεσοκυκλαδικής-πρώιμη Υστεροκυκλαδική
Used for:
    Αγία Ειρήνη VI (φάση G)
Used for:
    Φυλακωπή ΙΙΙ-ι
Short name:
    ΥΚΙ
Alternatives:
     Υστεροκυκλαδική Ι περίοδος
     Υστερη Κυκλαδική Ι περίοδος
     Υστεροκυκλαδική περίοδος Ι
     Υστερη Κυκλαδική περίοδος Ι

Terminology in : English

Preferred name:
    Late Cycladic I
Used for:
    Late MC-Early Late Cycladic I
Used for:
    Ayia Eirini VI
Used for:
    Phylakopi ΙΙΙ-ι
Short name:
    LCI
Alternatives:
     Late Cycladic Ι period
     Late Cycladic period I

Terminology in : Italian

Preferred name:
    Tardo Cicladico I
Alternatives:
     Cicladico Tardo I
     Periodo Cicladico Tardo I
     Prima fase del Cicladico Tardo
     Eta TardoCicladica (prima fase)
     Inizi del Cicladico Tardo
     Civilta TardoCicladica I

Defining attributes:

Definition based on:
     Technology use
     Cultural influence
Keywords:
    Architectural changes.
    Strong appearance of Minoan artifacts.
Description:

Important architectural changes at the sites of Akrotiri in Thera, Ayia Eirini in Kea and Phylakopi in Melos (in Phylakopi:large administrative building -"megaron" and in Ayia Eirini: "Oikia A") The appearance (in quantity) of Minoan artifacts (as copies or imitation) with decline in local invention.

Is part of: Late Cycladic


Is interpretation of:   Barber_1981 1-21
                                  Barber_1987

Terminating event:
    Type: Natural_catastrophes
    Description:
        The eruption of the volcano in Santorini. Abandonment of Akrotiri. It's Barber's (1981) opinion that the eruption of the volcano in Santorini terminated Late Cycladic I period.

Space time approximation:

Maximal extent:
    Place:
         Names:
             Kikladhes Nisoi
        Identifier: adlgaz-1-2249503-40 [ADL]
    Coordinate box:
        West Bounding: 24 10 00 E degrees
         East Bounding: 26 30 00 E degrees
         South Bounding: 36 10 00 N degrees
        North Bounding: 37 30 00 N degrees
        Spatial referencing system: QTM

    Time span:
        Earliest beginning: 1628 B.C
        Latest beginning: 1550 B.C
         Earliest end: 1500 B.C
         Latest end: 1400 B.C

**Space time analysis:**
Place: Names: Thira Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Santorini [ADL, English ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2258269-4c] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 25 19 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 25 29 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 36 19 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 36 28 00 N degrees	Place: Names: Milos Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Melos [ADL, English ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2253090-0f] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 24 19 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 24 33 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 36 38 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 36 46 00 N degrees	Place: Names: Kea Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Kea [ADL, English ] Ceos [ADL, Latin ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2248851-05] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 24 16 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 24 24 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 37 31 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 37 41 00 N degrees

Spatiotemporal relationships:

    Spatiotemporal:
         separated from:
           Early Minoan
    Temporal:
         is equal in time to:
           Late Minoan Ia
           Late Healladic I

Space time comment:

Late Cycladic I period is basically represented by the three known major centres of Cycladic culture during this time, Thera, Melos and Kea (in which the current archaeological evidence is great). The Santorini eruption can be recognized by perturbations in the records of ice-cores (Greenland Ice Core program dating the eruption in 1645 B.C) or by comparing sequences of tree-rings (indicating the date of 1628 B.C). The date of 1628 B.C seems to be more suggested. The chronology is not resolved yet.

Characteristics attributes:

Technology

Continuity of MC pottery . Philakopi: Later Local Ware- Ayia Eirini: Cycladic Painted Ware. Akrotiri:Black and Red Ware survive (but in a limited expression). Fine LCI Wares (some derived from MC , such as Red Painted Ware, Matt Painted Ware and Polychrome Ware - and some are local imitations of Minoan). The majority of shapes and motifs (such as linked spirals, leaf-patterns, tortoilseshell ripple ) was Cretan in origin. Geometric decoration in zones was also Minoan in origin, but pictorial at the whole surface of vases was local tradition. Import of LMIa pottery. At the end of period: end of Naturalistic and Black and Red Style. Stone vases and metals. Rich decoration in frecoes (with figured scenes). Use of ashlar masonry.

Social-political structure

Central but collective administration. Urban community.

Settlements

Refortification of the city in Philakopi (phirst phase of the 3rd city)- a defence wall was added. At Ayia Eirini: different realingment and town plan- repairment of fortifictions. Destruction of older buildings in Akrotiri-reconstruction using MC themelia. Levelling and enlargement of spaces. Different entrances. Alterations in the city plan. Addition of rooms.

Economy and trading

Very good quality of life. Strong economy.Trade and contacts with the rest of Greece and abroad

Distinct and identifying characteristics: Pottery Style

LCI pottery style (imitation-import of Minoan pottery)

Influences

Style of Potery : Imitation (local copying) or import of LMIa pottery style.
Technology : Use of Minoan Linear A script. Strong influence in architectural forms, especially in Akrotiri :appearance of Cretan room units.
Art : Spaces are decorated by frescoes under Minoan influence.
Economy and Nutrition : Minoan metrology was introduced.
Burial customs : Minoan religious practice was used

Administration:

Editor: Athina Kritsotaki
Date of compilation: 2004-04-15
Authority of administration:
Authority name: Helladic Period System
Contact point: email:athinak@ics.forth.gr

Place names:

Kikladhes Nisoi [ADL, Greek ]
Cyclades [ADL, English ]

Early Cycladic II

Author:

Title of first publication:

Date of first publication:

Note:

Period id:

Terminology in : Greek

Preferred name:
    Πρωτοκυκλαδική ΙΙ
Used for:
    Πολιτισμός Σύρου-Κέρου
Short name:
    ΠKΙΙ
Alternatives:
     Πρωτοκυκλαδική ΙΙ περίοδος
     Πρωτοκυκλαδική περίοδος ΙΙ

Terminology in : English

Preferred name:
    Early Cycladic ΙΙ
Used for:
    Keros-Syros culture
Short name:
    ECII
Alternatives:
     Early Cycladic period II

Defining attributes:

Definition based on:
Pottery Style
Keywords:
Painted decoration - new shapes. Patterned Ware. Urfirnis.
Description:

New ceramic (sauce-boat, frying-pans) shapes.

Is part of: Early Cycladic

Has part: Early Cycladic IIA
                Early Cycladic IIB

Is interpretation of:   Renfrew_1972
                                  Doumas_1977

Terminating event:
    Type: Abandonment
    Description:
        Abandonment of fortified sites and people movements

Space time approximation:

Maximal extent:
    Place:
         Names:
             Kikladhes Nisoi
        Identifier: adlgaz-1-2249503-40 [ADL]
    Coordinate box:
        West Bounding: 24 10 00 E degrees
         East Bounding: 26 30 00 E degrees
         South Bounding: 36 10 00 N degrees
        North Bounding: 37 30 00 N degrees
        Spatial referencing system: QTM

    Time span:
        Earliest beginning: 2800 B.C
        Latest beginning: 2700 B.C
         Earliest end: 2400 B.C
         Latest end: 2300 B.C

**Space time analysis:**
Place: Names: Siros Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Syros [ADL, English ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2257195-1e] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 24 51 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 24 57 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 37 21 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 37 30 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 2800 B.C Latest beginning: 2650 B.C Latest end: 2300 B.C	Place: Names: Ios Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Ios [ADL, English ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2247109-4e] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 25 21 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 25 23 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 36 39 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 36 43 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 2650 B.C Earliest end: 2450 B.C Latest end: 2400 B.C	Place: Names: Keros Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Karos [ADL, English ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2248157-03] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 25 36 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 25 40 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 36 52 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 36 54 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 2700 B.C Latest end: 2400 B.C
Place: Names: Milos Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Melos [ADL, English ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2253090-0f] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 24 19 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 24 33 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 36 38 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 36 46 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 2700 B.C Latest beginning: 2650 B.C Latest end: 2400 B.C	Place: Names: Naxos Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Naxos [ADL, English ] Naxia [ADL, Latin ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2253484-78] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 25 25 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 25 32 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 36 55 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 37 12 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 2650 B.C Latest beginning: 2516 B.C Earliest end: 2300 B.C	Place: Names: Paros Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Paros [ADL, English ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2254701-07] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 25 10 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 25 13 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 36 59 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 37 09 00 N degrees
Place: Names: Thira Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Santorini [ADL, English ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2258269-4c] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 25 19 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 25 29 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 36 19 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 36 28 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 2700 B.C Latest beginning: 2600 B.C Earliest end: 2470 B.C	Place: Names: Kea Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Kea [ADL, English ] Ceos [ADL, Latin ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2248851-05] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 24 16 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 24 24 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 37 31 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 37 41 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 2700 B.C Latest end: 2300 B.C	Place: Names: Dhaskalio Nisis [ADL, Greek ] Daskalio [ADL, English ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2245217-31] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 25 35 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 25 36 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 36 52 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 36 53 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 2700 B.C Latest beginning: 2600 B.C
Place: Names: Sifnos Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Siphnos [ADL, English ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2257013-7e] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 24 42 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 24 39 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 36 55 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 37 02 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 2650 B.C Latest beginning: 2500 B.C Latest end: 2300 B.C	Place: Names: Amorgos Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Amorgos [ADL, English ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2242845-6b] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 25 44 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 26 00 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 36 47 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 36 56 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 2700 B.C Latest beginning: 2600 B.C	Place: Names: Mikonos Nisos [ADL, Greek ] Mykonos [ADL, English ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2252929-24] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 25 18 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 25 20 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 37 25 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 37 30 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 2800 B.C

Spatiotemporal relationships:

    Spatiotemporal:
         separated from:
           Late Helladic
           Late Minoan
    Temporal:

         occurs during:
           Early Cycladic
        starts before the end of:
           Early Cycladic I

         starts at the end of:
           Early Cycladic IIIa
        occurs before:
           Middle Cycladic
Space time comment:

The specific cultural phase was mostly developed in central and S.E Cyclades. Evolution of ECII in space and time is analyzed in the most famous places which represent this phase.

Characteristics attributes:

Technology

Dark on buff painted, Burnished and lustrous Urfirnis, Incised decoration in linear patterns or spiral motifs. Marble vessels in a variety. Figurines with folded arms. Graves: of 2 or 3 levels for multiple burials and ossuaries. Cemeteries increased.

Settlements

Fortified cities increased.Settlements were larger now. Houses were of curvilinear plan. The well-known settlements are: Phylakopi I-i and Ayia Eirini II

Belief System

Cemeteries increased. Ossuaries were built next to graves.

Economy and trading

Trade was intensified during this period.

Influences

Art : Evidence of contact with Crete: marble figurines were found in Crete
Style of Potery : ECII pottery found in Poliochne, Troy, Therme and Samos. North Aegean pottery was imported into Syros, Naxos, Siphnos and other Cycladic islands. ECII contacts with the coast of Attica, Argolida (Lerna) and Crete are evident.

Administration:

Editor: Athina Kritsotaki
Date of compilation: 2004-10-15
Authority of administration:
Authority name: Helladic Period System
Contact point: email:athinak@ics.forth.gr

Place names:

Kikladhes Nisoi [ADL, Greek ]
Cyclades [ADL, English ]

Early Bronze Age (in Greece)

Author:

Title of first publication:

Date of first publication:

Note:

Period id:

Terminology in : Greek

Preferred name:
    Πρώιμη Εποχή Χαλκού
Short name:
    ΠΕΧ
Alternatives:
     Πρωτοχαλκή περίοδος

Terminology in : English

Preferred name:
    Early Bronze Age
Short name:
    EBA
Alternatives:
     Early Bronze age period

Terminology in : Italian

Preferred name:
    Antica Eta del Bronzo
Alternatives:
     Bronzo Antico
     Fase antica del Bronzo
     Periodo antico del Bronzo

Defining attributes:

Definition based on:
     Technology useSociopolitical system
Keywords:
    Development in metalwork
    Proto-urban society.
Description:

Bronze has been known since Neolithic period - at this age, it is used normally and its work is developed and intensified. Additionally important initial settlements are created now. It is the beginning of proto-urban society

Is part of: Bronze Age

Has part: Early Minoan
                Early Cycladic
                Early Helladic
                Early Bronze Age I
                Early Bronze Age II

Is interpretation of:

Space time approximation:

Maximal extent:
    Place:
         Names:
             Ellas
        Identifier: adlgaz-1-58-36 [ADL]

        Spatial referencing system: QTM
        points: 41 14 00 N degrees
                    25 14 00 E degrees
        points: 39 34 00 N degrees
                    20 11 00 E degrees
        points: 36 29 00 N degrees
                    23 05 00 E degrees
        points: 38 06 00 N degrees
                    24 33 00 E degrees

    Time span:
        Earliest beginning: 3650 B.C
        Latest beginning: 2800 B.C
         Earliest end: 2100 B.C
         Latest end: 1850 B.C

**Space time analysis:**
Place: Names: Kriti [TGN, Greek ] Crete [TGN, English ] Kreta [TGN, German ] Creta [TGN, Italian ] Identifier: [7012056] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 23 31 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 26 20 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 34 48 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 35 41 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 3650 B.C Latest beginning: 3200 B.C Earliest end: 2160 B.C Latest end: 1950 B.C	Place: Names: Kikladhes Nisoi [ADL, Greek ] Cyclades [ADL, English ] Identifier: [adlgaz-1-2249503-40] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 24 10 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 26 30 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 36 10 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 37 30 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 3500 B.C Latest beginning: 2900 B.C Earliest end: 2050 B.C Latest end: 1950 B.C	Place: Names: Ipeirwtikh Ellada [Period_Thesaurus, Greek ] Identifier: [PT-1] Coordinate box: *West Bounding:* 24 03 00 E degrees *East Bounding:* 24 28 00 E degrees *South Bounding:* 34 42 00 N degrees *North Bounding:* 41 33 00 N degrees Time span: Earliest beginning: 3600 B.C Latest beginning: 2900 B.C Earliest end: 2090 B.C Latest end: 2050 B.C

Spatiotemporal relationships:

    Temporal:
         starts:
           Bronze Age

Space time comment:

Stratified deposits of Myrtos, Knossos, Troy, Poliochni, Lerna, Eutresis, Argissa, Sitagroi, Dikili-Tas and Ezero were used for classifying the specific period.

Characteristics attributes:

Technology

Progress and development is observed in metalwork-copper foundry. Art of jewellery, seals and stone vessels (especially in Crete). Manufacture of marble and metal objects. The most usual type of graves are the cist graves. The used to burry their dead in cemeterries. There are also stone round graves (in Crete). Regional styles of pottery: Painted pottery, Incised, Urfirnis, Burnished ware and Slipped Ware.

Social political structure

Social ranking. Increasing population. Proto-urban societies. Intensification of the shift of the regional power.

Settlements

Progress: big and important settlements - there is an increase in the number of sites and growth of settlements (more organized and densely populated). New positions. Some of them are fortified. Various shapes of buildings. Big houses: Megaron, Corridor House, Building BG etc.

Economy and trading

Trading contacts were mostly made with Cyclades.

People movements

At the end of this period, signs of destruction (fire) , abandonment and people movements in some places (except from Crete).

Administration:

Editor: Athina Kritsotaki
Date of compilation: 2004-08-09
Authority of administration:
Authority name: Helladic Period System
Contact point: email:athinak@ics.forth.gr

Place names:

Ellas [ADL, Greek ]
Greece [ADL, English ]
Griechenland [ADL, German ]
Grecia [ADL, Italian ]

Middle Minoan IB

Author:

Title of first publication:

Date of first publication:

Note:

Period id:

Terminology in : Greek

Preferred name:
    Μεσομινωική ΙΒ
Short name:
    ΜΜΙΒ
Alternatives:
     Μεσομινωική ΙΒ περίοδος

Terminology in : English

Preferred name:
    Middle Minoan IB
Short name:
    MM IB
Alternatives:
     Middle Minoan IB period

Terminology in : Italian

Preferred name:
Medio Minoico IB
Alternatives:
Periodo Medio Minoico IB

Defining attributes:

Definition based on:
Pottery Style
Keywords:
Barbotine Ware. Polychrome.
Description:

New styles in pottery which are characteristics of Middle Minoan Ib Ware. Beginning of polychromy.

Is part of: Middle Minoan I


Is interpretation of:   Evans_1921

Space time approximation:

Maximal extent:
    Place:
         Names:
             Kriti
        Identifier: 7012056 [TGN]
    Coordinate box:
        West Bounding: 23 31 00 E degrees
         East Bounding: 26 20 00 E degrees
         South Bounding: 34 48 00 N degrees
        North Bounding: 35 41 00 N degrees
        Spatial referencing system: QTM

    Time span:
        Earliest beginning: 2000 B.C
        Latest beginning: 1900 B.C
         Earliest end:
         Latest end: 1700 B.C

Spatiotemporal relationships:

    Spatiotemporal:
         separated from:
           Late Helladic
    Temporal:

         occurs during:
           Minoan

         starts at the end of:
           Middle Minoan IA

Space time comment:

At Knossos three koulouras were found in the West Court and one in the Northwest corner under the Theatral Area. They are dated in the MM IB period .

Characteristics attributes:

Technology

The pottery is characterized by the first use of the fast wheel.The carinated cup first appears now.A more complex polychrome decoration is developed at this phase.

Social political structure

The first certain palaces are now constructed at Knossos and Phaistos.

Economy and trading

Trading contacts are extended to to the central Aegean islands.

Place names:

Kriti [TGN, Greek ]
Crete [TGN, English ]
Kreta [TGN, German ]
Creta [TGN, Italian ]

Παλαιοανακτορική

Author:

Title of first publication:

Date of first publication:

Note:

Period id:

Terminology in : Greek

Preferred name:
    Παλαιοανακτορική
Short name:

Alternatives:
     Παλαιοανακτορική περίοδος

Terminology in : English

Preferred name:
    Old Palace
Used for:
    Protopalatial
Used for:
    First Palace
Short name:

Alternatives:
     Old Palace period

Terminology in : Italian

Preferred name:
Protopalaziale
Alternatives:
Periodo protopalaziale

Defining attributes:

Definition based on:
Sociopolitical system
Keywords:
Palatial society
Description:

Age of palaces (Knossos, Phaistos, Mallia and Zakros)-social ranking - kings and princes

Is interpretation of:   Πλάτων_1966
                                  Πλάτων_1978

Terminating event:
    Type: Natural_catastrophes
    Description:
        Earthquakes destroyed the palaces at the end of the period.

Space time approximation:

Maximal extent:
    Place:
         Names:
             Kriti
        Identifier: 7012056 [TGN]
    Coordinate box:
        West Bounding: 23 31 00 E degrees
         East Bounding: 26 20 00 E degrees
         South Bounding: 34 48 00 N degrees
        North Bounding: 35 41 00 N degrees
        Spatial referencing system: QTM

    Time span:
        Earliest beginning: 2000 B.C
        Latest beginning: 1900 B.C
         Earliest end:
         Latest end: 1700 B.C

Spatiotemporal relationships:

    Spatiotemporal:
         separated from:
           Late Helladic
    Temporal:

         occurs during:
           Minoan

         starts at the end of:
           Προανακτορική
        ends at the beginning of:
           Νεοανακτορική
Space time comment:

Characteristics attributes:

Technology

Progress in metalwork and new types of tools. The end of Handmade pottery - Barbotine ware is now more popular and the use of Polychrome Style (Kamares) starts. Burial vessels are included too. Clay sarcophagoi and jars. Progress in the art of seals and of jewellery. Ossuary tholoi supersed by cists -continuity in using tholos tombs.

Social political structure

Social ranking. Palatial society. Great public works.

Settlements

MMI elements of palace at Knossos-wall construction and analysis

Belief system

Peak sanctuaries. Individual burials are now established.

Economy and trading

Trading contacts with Egypt , Cyprus and Aegean.

Place names:

Kriti [TGN, Greek ]
Crete [TGN, English ]
Kreta [TGN, German ]
Creta [TGN, Italian ]

Bibliography:

Evans_1921
A.Evans.     The Palace of Minos.        Volume: I -IV  London (1921)

Betancourt_1985
P.Betancourt.     Η ιστορία της μινωικής κεραμικής.            (1985)

Warren_1989
P.Warren & V.Hankey     Aegean Bronze Age Chronology.           Bristol. (1989)

Darcque_1996
P.Darcque & J-Cl.Poursat & G.Touchais      Οι πολιτισμοί του Αιγαίου.           Αθήνα. (1996)

Branigan_1970
K.Branigan.     The Foundation of Palatial Crete.          London (1970)

Warren_1984
P.Warren       Problems of chronology in Crete and the Aegean in the Third and Earlier Second Milennium B.C.   AJA  84     (1984)

Σταμπολίδης_1998
Ν. Σταμπολίδης & Α.Καρέτσου      Ανατολική Μεσόγειος-Κύπρος, Δωδεκάνησα, Κρήτη-16ος-6ος αιώνας π.Χ.           Ηράκλειο (1998)

Barber_1981
R.L.N.Barber       The Late Cycladic period: a Review.BSA    76     (1981)  1-21

Barber_1987
R.L.N.Barber     The Cyclades in the Bronze age.           London. (1987)

MacGillivray_1984
J.A.MacGillivray & R.L.N.Barber     The Prehistoric Cyclades-Contributions to a workshop on Cycladic chronology.           Edinburg. (1984)

Astrom_1987
P.Astrom     High Middle or Low?Acts of intenational colloquium on absolute chronology.  Studies in Mediterrannean archaeology and literature      volumes: III   (1987)

Macdonald_2001
C.F.Macdonald       Chronologies of the Thera eruption.    AJA  105     (2001)  527-532

Doumas_1983
Chr.Doumas     Thera: Pompei of the ancient Aegean:excavations at Akrotiri, 1967-79.  New aspects of antiquity        New York (1983)

Renfrew_1972
C.Renfrew     The Emergence of Civilization.The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B.C          London (1972)

Hood_1971
S.Hood     Crete in the Bronze Age          London (1971)

Dickinson_1994
O.Dickinson     The Aegean Bronze Age.          Cambridge University Press (1994)

Doumas_1977
C.Doumas.       Early Bronze Age Burial Habits in the Cyclades. SIMA    48     (1977)

Κορρές_1985
Γ.Κορρές       Κυκλαδικός πολιτισμός.         Αθήνα (1985)

Τσούντας_1898
Χ.Τσούντας     Κυκλαδικά.           Αθήνα (1898)

Πλάτων_1978
Ν.Πλάτων     Προϊστορική Αρχαιολογία: Μινωικός Πολιτισμός.           Ρέθυμνο (1978)

Πλάτων_1966
Ν.Πλάτων     Crete          Geneve (1966)

Αλεξίου
Στ.Αλεξίου     Μινωικός πολιτισμός.           Ηράκλειο ()

Palmer_1969
L.R.Palmer     Minoici e micenei. L'antica civilta egea dopo la decifrazione della Lineare B.           London (1969)

SAMPLE OF A PERIOD THESAURUS

INDEX OF PERIODS

P1 Early Minoan

P2 Early Minoan II

P3 Late Minoan Ia

P4 Late Cycladic I

P5 Early Cycladic II

P6 Early Bronze Age (in Greece)

P7 Middle Minoan IB

P8 Παλαιοανακτορική